Introduction to Intelligent System

You can find this file on power point format here.
Intelligent system can be defined as: system which employs methods and techniques from artificial intelligence. And Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an Intelligence of machines.

What is AI?

Thinking humanly: cognitive modeling

• 1960's "cognitive revolution": information-processing psychology
• Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain
• Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and Cognitive Neuroscience) are now distinct from AI
• How to validate? Require: (1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down) or (2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up) 

Thinking rationally

• Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes?
• Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; may or may not have proceeded to the idea of mechanization
• Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI
• Problems: (1) Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation (2)What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I have?

Acting Humanly

• Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
• "Can machines think?" -->; "Can machines behave intelligently?"
• Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

• Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes
• Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years
• Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning

Acting Rationally

• Rational behavior: doing the right thing 
• The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information 
• Doesn't necessarily involve thinking – e.g., blinking reflex – but thinking should be in the service of rational action
  

Rational Agents

• An agent is an entity that perceives and acts
• This course is about designing rational agents
• Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions:

                            [f: P* -> A]

• For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent (or class of agents) with the best performance
• Caveat: computational limitations make perfect rationality unachievable -> design best program for given machine resources

AI Prehistory

• Philosophy --> Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system foundations of learning, language, rationality
• Mathematics --> Formal representation and proof algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability
• Economics --> utility, decision theory
• Neuroscience --> physical substrate for mental activity
• Psychology --> phenomena of perception and motor control, experimental techniques
• Computer engineering --> building fast computers
• Control theory --> design systems that maximize an objective function over time
• Linguistics --> knowledge representation, grammar

State of The Art

• Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997
• Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved for decades
• No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
• NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
• Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans

Hope it useful :)